Introduced in 1987, pokies have become a staple entertainment form in New Zealand, deeply influencing social interactions and community funding. However, their presence raises concerns about gambling addiction and economic disparity, demanding balanced regulation.
Pokies in New Zealand have become increasingly popular, reflecting a significant aspect of the country's gambling culture. Since their introduction in 1987, poker machines—commonly known as "pokies"—have evolved from a niche pastime into a mainstream form of entertainment, deeply embedded in social life, especially within pubs and clubs. The rise of pokies has been accompanied by both economic benefits and growing concerns about gambling harm, prompting ongoing regulatory reforms and community debate. As New Zealand moves toward legalizing online casinos and embracing digital gambling trends, the landscape of pokie gaming is undergoing rapid transformation, with implications for local economies, public health, and social equity.
Pokies were first legalized in New Zealand in 1987 and quickly became a fixture in hotels, bars, and clubs across the country. Initially operated by charitable foundations, these machines were seen as a way to raise funds for community projects. Over time, their popularity surged, and by the early 2000s, New Zealand had one of the highest densities of gaming machines per capita in the world. The number of pokies peaked at 25,221 machines in June 2003, but has since declined due to regulatory changes and local "sinking lid" policies designed to gradually reduce machine numbers.
As of 2025, there are approximately 13,814–14,374 gaming machines operating nationwide, with the majority (about 82%) located in pubs and clubs, and the remainder in casinos. Pokies remain the most profitable form of gambling in New Zealand, generating over $1 billion annually in revenue. The 2025 New Zealand Gambling Survey found that 64.1% of adult New Zealanders had participated in some form of gambling in the previous 12 months, with pokies being the most popular category.
Demographically, pokies attract a broad range of users, but are particularly prevalent in lower socio-economic communities, where over 50% of machines are located. This has raised concerns about the disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations.
Pokies have become a cultural fixture in New Zealand, especially in social venues like pubs and clubs. Their presence is often justified by the financial support they provide to local organizations and community projects. However, their integration into everyday life has also led to debates about their role in fostering gambling addiction and financial hardship, particularly in disadvantaged areas.
Pokies are a major source of funding for local communities. The profits generated by gaming machines are distributed to charities, sports clubs, and community groups, supporting a wide range of initiatives. For example, in Porirua, 156 pokie machines generated over $23,000 each in the first quarter of 2025, contributing to local projects such as skateparks and community centers. Nationally, the gambling market is projected to reach US$2.89 billion in 2025, with pokies accounting for a significant share of this revenue.
With around 13,814 to 14,374 gaming machines, pokies contribute substantially to New Zealand's economy. They form the largest category of gambling expenditure per capita, underscoring their market dominance.
Revenue from pokies not only supports community projects but significantly impacts lower socio-economic areas, raising important social concerns.
In 2022, New Zealanders spent a net amount of $528 million on gaming machines. The breakdown of gambling expenditure per capita is as follows:
Pokies represent the largest single category of gambling expenditure, highlighting their dominance in the market.
The operation of pokies in New Zealand is governed by a combination of national and local regulations. The Gambling Act 2003 sets the legal framework, while local councils implement "sinking lid" policies to gradually reduce the number of machines. These policies are designed to minimize the impact on communities while allowing time for adaptation.
In July 2025, New Zealand moved to legalize iGaming, permitting up to 15 online casino platforms. This marks a significant shift in the regulatory landscape, opening the door to a new era of digital gambling.
New Zealand has implemented several measures to reduce gambling harm, including:
Despite these efforts, 60% of problem gamblers relapse into harmful behaviors each year, underscoring the ongoing challenge of minimizing gambling-related harm.
The legalization of iGaming in 2025 is expected to drive rapid growth in online pokies. The online gambling market is projected to reach $600 million by 2027, with increasing user penetration and higher average revenue per user (ARPU). This shift is likely to impact traditional gaming venues, as more players turn to digital platforms for convenience and variety.
Innovations in gaming technology are transforming the pokies experience. Modern machines and online platforms offer improved graphics, a wider variety of games, and enhanced player engagement features. Cashless systems and personalized gaming experiences are becoming more common, reflecting global trends in the gambling industry.
Pokies in New Zealand have become a defining feature of the country's gambling culture, offering both economic benefits and social challenges. While they generate significant revenue for communities and support a wide range of local projects, their prevalence in disadvantaged areas and the risk of gambling harm remain pressing concerns. As New Zealand embraces online gambling and technological innovation, the future of pokies will depend on striking a balance between entertainment, community benefit, and responsible gambling. The ongoing evolution of regulation and harm minimization strategies will be crucial in shaping this dynamic and influential sector.
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